Intravenous fluids (IV) are indicated for rapid and more accurate administration of fluid volumes. SQ fluids should be a balanced isotonic crystalloid without any additives (dextrose or potassium chloride), which can cause local tissue damage and patient discomfort. The volume should not exceed 20 ml/kg per injection site. Doses for SQ fluids range from 10 to 30 ml/kg. Subcutaneous (SQ) fluids should be used to treat patients with mild dehydration or to maintain daily fluid requirements, such as in patients with chronic kidney disease. Multiple routes for fluid administration exist. Hypotonic crystalloids (0.45% NaCl) have a lower electrolyte composition, whereas hypertonic crystalloids (7.2% NaCl) have a higher electrolyte composition compared to plasma, and therefore both will cause water to shift between body compartments. LRS and Normosol-R are additionally considered balanced solutions because they contain a buffer, which helps to maintain or normalize acid-base disturbances. Isotonic crystalloids (0.9% NaCl, LRS, Normosol-R) have an osmolality and electrolyte composition similar to plasma. Loss of fluid in the intravascular space leads to hypovolemia, whereas loss of fluid from the interstitial or intracellular spaces leads to dehydration.įluids can be divided into three categories based on their composition. The extracellular compartment is further divided into the interstitial (12% to 15% of TBW) and intravascular (6% to 8% of TBW) spaces. TBW is divided into intracellular (40% of TBW) and extracellular (20% of TBW) compartments. In dogs and cats, total body water (TBW) is 60% of ideal body weight (BW) and represents the sum of intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes. ![]() ![]() To create a fluid therapy plan, the clinician must have a basic understanding of body fluid compartments, composition of available fluids, components used to formulate a fluid therapy plan, and possible complications. Jenica Haraschak is a clinical assistant professor in the small animal emergency and critical care service.įluid therapy is one of the most common therapies prescribed in veterinary medicine.
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